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168名士兵战胜8万大军的奇迹《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》

给小白白的有声书

贾雷德·戴蒙德(Jared Diamond),加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校医学院生理学教授,美国艺术与科学院、国家科学院院士,当代少数几位探究人类社会与文明的思想家之一。戴蒙德的研究使他获奖无数,包括美国国家科学奖、美国地理学会伯尔奖、泰勒环境贡献奖、日本国际环境和谐奖等。代表作包括《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》《第三种黑猩猩》《崩溃》《昨日之前的世界》《剧变》《为什么有的国家富裕,有的国家贫穷》等。 1532年,168名西班牙士兵,就战胜了拥有百万臣民的印加帝国。为什么发明枪炮、挥舞利剑、带去恶疾的不是印加人? 为什么世界上不同大陆上的人类社会,发展速度存在巨大差异? 请收听由美国艺术与科学院、国家科学院院士贾雷德-戴蒙德浓缩13000年人类历史的普利策奖作品《枪炮、病菌与钢铁:人类社会的命运》,从自然地理和生态资源的独特角度,解答人类文明滥觞的疑惑。 该书试图提供“最近13000年来所有人的简短历史... more

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耶利的问题触及了人类现状的实质,也是更新世后人类历史的关键所在。既然我们已经完成了这次对各大陆的短暂的巡视,我们将怎样来回答耶利呢?我会对耶利这样说:各大陆民族长期历史之间的显著差异,不是由于这些民族本身的天生差异,而是由于他们环境的差异。各大陆的环境有无数的不同特点,正是这些不同的特点影响了人类社会的发展轨迹。不过,仅仅列出每一种可能的差异还不足以回答耶利的问题。在我看来,只有4组差异是最重要的。第一组差异是各大陆在可以用作驯化的起始物种的野生动植物品种方面的差异。这是因为,粮食生产之所以具有... more

为什么欧洲人成了在非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南殖民的人。事情竟然不是反其道而行之,这尤其令人惊讶,因为非洲不但可能是解剖学上现代智人的家乡,而且也是几百万年来人类进化的唯一发源地。非洲除了巨大的领先优势这些有利条件外,还有高度多样化的气候和生境以及世界上最高度的人类多样化这些有利条件。导致非洲与欧洲碰撞的这一结果的直接原因是很清楚的。正如他们与印第安人遭遇时的情况一样,进入非洲的欧洲人拥有三重优势:枪炮和其他技术、普及的文化以及为维持探险和征服的花费巨大的计划所必不可少的政治组织。这些优势在碰撞几乎还刚刚... more

所有非洲本地作物——萨赫勒、埃塞俄比亚和西非的作物——都起源于赤道以北地区。没有哪一种非洲作物是起源于赤道以南地区的。这就给了我们一个暗示,告诉我们来自赤道以北、说尼日尔-刚果语的人何以能取代非洲赤道地区的俾格米人和赤道以南的科伊桑人。科伊桑人和俾格米人之所以未能发展出农业,不是由于他们没有农民的资格,而仅仅是由于碰巧非洲南部的野生植物大都不适于驯化。无论是班图农民还是白人农民,尽管他们继承了几千年的农业经验,后来还是没有能把非洲南部的本地植物培育成粮食作物。因此,来自现代非洲语言中植物名称的证... more

非洲有1500种语言,复杂得令人难以想象。斯坦福大学的大语言学家约瑟夫·格林伯格把它们加以梳理,使之变得清晰明了。他确认,所有这些语言正好分为5个语系。语系和解剖学上界定的人类群体之间有着一种大致的对应关系:某个语系中的语言往往是由不同的人说的。特别是,说阿非罗-亚细亚语言的人多半证明是可以被归为白人或黑人一类的人,说尼罗-撒哈拉语和尼日尔-刚果语的人证明是黑人,说科伊桑语的是科伊桑人,说南岛语的是印度尼西亚人。这表明语言往往是和说这些语言的人一起演化的。

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